DAO

decentralised autonomous organisation

Evolution of Decision Making Structures

TOP DOWN VS DAO:

NON-MANAGEMENT TEAM MEMBERS MIDDLE MANAGEMENT TOP MANAGEMENT CEO EXECUTION DECISION MAKING

Top-down organizations (corporations, states, and international institutions) tend to dominate and use military-style governance with decisions made by a small group or single person and implementation conducted by lower levels with limited influence. This is seen as efficient but often ignores reality and leads to suboptimal decisions.

In an ideal scenario, a CEO has accurate information and makes the best decision, but in reality, inefficiencies in information flow, competition, and other social factors affect decision quality. The cost of this decision-making is the discrepancy between reality and the model used to make decisions.

On the other hand, DAOs (Decentralized Autonomous Organizations) are growing in number and are becoming more effective in organizing without the need for a top-down management structure. They are run by their members and governed by computer program rules, using blockchain technology to incentivize contributions and minimize risk.

DAOs are autonomous, meaning they are free from human governance, but members can alter the code and make decisions through voting.

Every member holds governance tokens, and contributions can be rewarded, encouraging members to share information and knowledge. DAOs benefit from low-cost decision-making infrastructure and aligning goals with members, who are motivated by incentives and the value of the organization. The technology records digital interactions and encourages uninterrupted information flow for better decision-making.

Types of voting

Direct democracy
Direct democracy, where all members of a community make political decisions directly, is the simplest governance framework often used by informal groups. Only Switzerland has elements of both representative and direct democracy. However, direct democracy faces challenges with large communities as it becomes time-consuming, with decreased participation and representation, and random results due to citizens making decisions on matters they have little knowledge of.

Despite being technically possible, creating a digital agora for thousands of people as a high-quality deliberation tool is difficult due to the impact of a single user being limited. Direct democracy also raises questions about the desirability of equality and aggregating opinions into collective wisdom.

Representative democracy
Representative democracy is a form of government where citizens elect politicians to make decisions on their behalf. This system aims to make decision-making more efficient but has its own disadvantages, including low voter turnout, corruption, and a lack of representation. The cost of participating in elections can outweigh the benefits, leading to voters' apathy. Political campaigns often focus on divisive issues, making it difficult for voters to find representatives who share their values. Representatives may not vote in accordance with their declared program and bear no responsibility for breaking promises. The failure of representative democracy to deliver outcomes supported by the majority is a well-known problem.

Liquid democracy
Liquid democracy, a form of voluntary direct democracy, was first introduced by Lewis Carrol in 1884. It combines elements of direct and representative democracy and is mainly used by online communities. It allows voters to have a voice in all decisions or delegate their voting power to someone else. It has a fluid and divisible voting power and creates ground for meritocratic governance. Empirical studies suggest that a diverse community in liquid democracy can make better decisions even with imperfect expert selection. The number of delegates and votes per delegate are crucial variables in a liquid democracy model. Cryptopolis, a governance system, addresses these questions by allowing users to propose initiatives, which are reviewed and categorized by moderators. Delegation of votes can be given to any person of choice and recall and override options are available. Deliberation is a key aspect of quality democratic governance and Cryptopolis has discussion forums for each proposal with ratings determining the weight of comments. Inappropriate comments can be flagged for review by human moderators.

Collective Wisdom
Too often, the debate over democracy is mired in ideological rather than practical and pragmatic claims. The key question is whether there are any tangible benefits to governance systems that give all members a voice over those that distribute power to a subset of their population, such as a panel of carefully selected experts.

Deliberation is intended to broaden the pool of information and ideas, evaluate the quality of arguments, and, ultimately, lead to a decision on the best solution Many contemporary examples, on the other hand, point to other manifestations of a phenomenon known as collective wisdom - the exceptional problem-solving and decision-making capacity observed in groups under certain conditions - even in the absence of significant deliberation.

Key components to decision making

Choosing topic:
Users have the option to either cast votes directly on a topic or delegate their voting power to specialists within that topic.Categorizing the proposal into a comprehensible tree structure is an important first step for the efficiency of the delegation process. The delegation can be for a one-time vote or for an extended period. This system encourages specialists in specific areas rather than politicians who are knowledgeable in all areas.

Voting:
Voting in democracy requires balancing transparency and anonymity. Transparency ensures fairness, while anonymity prevents corruption and protects sensitive financial data. Direct votes and delegated votes are anonymous, but the number of delegated votes is visible.

The live voting process allows for adjustments and motivates users and representatives to express their views.

Proposals:
Proposals will have a standard format for clarity, including a question (subject of voting), a brief description (goal and means), budget (if needed), visuals (videos/graphics), implementation timeline (budget release), and a crowdsourcing tool for project management in a working group. Only the question and description are mandatory.

Discussion:
​​Good democratic governance comes from thoughtful decision-making, and Cryptopolis, as an online community, provides discussion forums for each proposal. All delegates and regular users can participate, but the visibility of comments is based on users' ratings, proportional to their voting power. To maintain a focused and respectful discussion, a flagging option for inappropriate comments will be provided and reviewed by human moderators.

Liquid moderating: hybrid cooperation between humans and AI

Fact-checking is undervalued work and there's no recognition for discovering mistakes. Proposals in Cryptopolis are reviewed by a group of elected moderators. AI and human oversight are combined to efficiently fact-check and structure discussions. Users can raise red flags, while AI independently searches for inaccuracies. These red flags are combined and given to human moderators for evaluation. Moderators are chosen and dismissed by community voting, and those who mark errors and review flagged material are rewarded in Pangea tokens.

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